The most common alternative for High-Line power in an oilfield is the use of a portable generator (Gen-Set) in combination with either a Fixed-Speed Drive (FSD or Switch Board) or a Variable-Speed Drive (VSD). Both of these configurations, however, have limitations. In order to overcome these limitations, a novel type of Gen-Set, called a Variable-Frequency Generator (VFG), was designed and built with the capabilities of starting large motors and of operating them at a variable speed and voltage. The VFG is an engine-driven medium or low voltage generator that provides electrical power at a variable frequency and a variable voltage with a perfect sine wave without harmonic distortions. This technical paper reviews the factory- and field-test data of a 660[kW]/825[kVA] VFG system powering a 760[HP] ESP. The paper also describes in detail the benefits of a VFG system as compared to a Gen-Set/VSD or Gen-Set/FSD systems.
Where is the nearest power grid to supply high-voltage power for artificial lift in an oilfield? On many occasions, the grid infrastructure is either not available or requires a major capital expenditure to extend it to a remote location. The most common alternative is to use a portable generator (Gen-Set) in combination with either a Fixed-Speed Drive (FSD) or a Variable-Speed Drive (VSD). Both of these configurations, however, have limitations. On the one hand, a Gen-Set/FSD system that consists of an 855[HP] diesel engine and a 660[kW] generator can barely start the motor of a 400[HP] Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP). While larger motors can be operated using this system, getting them started is difficult due to a high inrush current. On the other hand, an equivalent Gen-Set/VSD system can start and run a 760[HP] ESP; however, the VSD is not a preferred load for the generator and produces ‘dirty’ power that is harmful to the ESP. In order to overcome these limitations, a novel type of Gen-Set, called a Variable-Frequency Generator (VFG), was designed and built with the capabilities of starting large motors and of operating them at a variable speed and voltage. The VFG is an engine-driven medium-voltage generator that provides electrical power at a variable frequency and a variable voltage with a perfect sine wave without harmonic distortions. It has a proven thirteen-year track record with both diesel and natural-gas engines, operating continuously in extremely hot desert environments, in extremely wet jungle environments and cold Northern Alberta and British Columbia winters without requiring the replacement of any major components.
The benefits of a VFG system include:
Introduction
This technical paper reviews the factory- and field-test data of a 660[kW]/825[kVA] VFG system powering a 760[HP] ESP. The paper also describes in detail the benefits of a VFG system as compared to a Gen-Set/VSD system. The tested VFG system consisted of the following major components:
Shop Testing
Prior to field installation, a shop test was conducted on the VFG in order to evaluate both its different motor-starting methods and its generator-to-motor loading characteristics. A 640[HP] (KMH-J 640HP/60Hz/3470V/117A) ESP motor coupled to a 12000[bpd] (105KC12000) centrifugal pump was selected for this test. In addition, the motor and generator were connected together with 6500[ft] of #1AWG round main cable in order to simulate the expected distance between the two in the field.
A 50[Hz] start mode with a 77% Soft-Start (2226V) resulted in the ESP system starting and stabilizing in three seconds. The inrush current during the motor start-up was measured at 2.8 times the nameplate amps.
A ramp-up start mode that was initiated at 40[Hz] with an 88% Soft-Start, while the generator was accelerated from 900[rpm] to 1500[rpm], resulted in a stabilization time of only two seconds and an inrush current of 2.4 times the nameplate amps.
Once the ESP motor was started, its frequency was varied from 30[Hz] to 65[Hz] by adjusting the speed of the diesel engine. Upon the completion of the ESP motor’s starting and running evaluations using the VFG system, it was sent for field testing.
Field Testing
Equipment at Test Site:
Measurements at Test Site while connected to Gen-Set/VSD:
The ESP was then disconnected from the Gen-Set/VSD and connected to the VFG. It is important to note that there were no changes made below the wellhead, only to the surface generator. Measurements at Test Site while connected to VFG:
Test point #1 was for a constant-speed comparison between the Gen-Set/VSD and the VFG. When the ESP motor was driven by the Gen-Set/VSD, it used more power than when driven by the VFG. This was verified by using a constant speed of 57[Hz] for both systems. The measured amperage was at 114[A] for the Gen-Set/VSD and 109[A] for the VFG, resulting in a 4.5% reduction of the amperage load. Test point #2 was for a constant-amperage comparison between the Gen-Set/VSD and the VFG. The VFG was sped up to 59[Hz] in order for the motor to draw the same amperage that it did when the Gen-Set/VSD was at 57[Hz]. Using the data from the Field Production Report, this increase in speed was related directly to an increase in production from 18250[bpd] to 19550[bpd], which is an incremental increase of 1250[bpd] or 7.1%.
The incremental increase of revenue in one year, assuming a 7% production increase after upgrading from a Gen-SET/VFD system to a VFG, justifies the upgrade.
A VFG system is capable of starting and operating an ESP motor without the requirement of oversizing either the engine or generator. When comparing the VFG to the Gen-Set/VSD used in the field test, the ‘clean’ sine-wave power supplied by the VFG resulted in a reduction in the ESP motor’s current for a given operating speed. Conversely, if the well is capable of greater production for a given current limit, then the motor speed can be increased, resulting in additional fluid production. The clean sine wave produced by the VFG has no harmonics or voltage spikes. It is anticipated that this ‘clean’ power will contribute to longer ESP run lives due to reduced electrical stresses on the motor, the Motor Lead Extension, the main cable and the wellhead penetrator. It is also demonstrated that a VFG will have lower maintenance costs than that of the Gen-Set/VSD because the former is less susceptible to high ambient temperature.
SPE166191 "Variable Speed Generator" SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference and Exhibition, Baku, Azerbaijan; November 2015
"Variable Speed Generator" 20th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition, Ankara, Turkey; May 2015
SPE166191 “High Pressure Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump for 10,000PSI Frack-Pump - HPHPS FRAC Pump” Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans; October 2013
“HPHPS used to support shale gas fracturing in Horn River Basin” SPE-Gulf Coast / ESP Workshop, Houston; April 2013
"Variable Speed Generator" Society of Petroleum Engineers - Artificial Lift Technical Exchange Meeting, Bahrain; March 2009
"Variable Speed Generator" Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE-Gulf Coast / ESP Workshop, Houston; April 2005